An Analytical Perspective on Depression - 275 Words

An Analytical Perspective on Depression (Essay Sample) Content: An analytical perspective on depression research(Student)(Institution)(Professor)(Date)IntroductionResearch has played quite an important role in the crafting of various solutions to most of the challenges facing the present generation. A strict adherence to the designs, dictates and methodologies of conducting research is quite pivotal to the enhancement of professionalism in the age old practice and the inferences deduced in the process. A considerable percentage of the human population put up with various mental and psychological disorders some of which are conditioned by the environment they reside in, their lineage among a host of other factors CITATION Bro78 \l 1033 (Brown Harris, 1978). Among the most prevalent psychological disorders is depression which affects lots of unsuspecting individuals. With a hoist of causation factors credited to its manifestation and development, researchers have had an uphill task attempting to come up with strategies of keeping the widespread menace in check. In an effort to put some of these issues into perspective, Weary, Edwards and Jacobson made quite sensational claims on the subject at hand in their reply to the journal article that appeared in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JPSP) on depression research which this paper seeks to objectively critique. The paper will also compare their line of thinking and the theories advanced in this journal to those advocated for by other scholars in the psychology domain.Statement of the problemThe psychological abnormally of depression has been around since time immemorial and has made various individuals exhibit very shocking tendencies and behaviors as a result of the toll taken on them by the ailmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s mode of growth CITATION Bil87 \l 1033 (Billings Moos, 1987). Several factors have been touted to significantly enhance an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s chances of suffering from this disease with a lot of emphasis being laid on the importa nce of a stress free life. This has hence necessitated renewed interest in the crafting of solutions to depression with various psychologists taking part in this quest. The article penned by JPSP set the ball rolling to improve individual understanding on the disease and how to minimize the chances of having to bear the brunt of its wrath. What is also of particular importance is the dimension taken by Weary and his lieutenants while criticizing the publication with specific scrutiny on the points they backed the criticism with, the evidence they produced and the facts the overlooked in the process.Source of the problemDepression can be traced back to the period between the 18th and 19th centuries when the concept was originally crafted by ancient Greek philosophers and theorists who originally narrowed it down to a distinct mental disorder with specific symptoms which manifested differently from one individual to another CITATION Bro78 \l 1033 (Brown Harris, 1978). The bone of co ntention has however been in the process through which a substantive diagnosis to that effect can be made with different individuals advocating for relatively varied thresholds. In their reply to the JPSP publication, Weary, Edwards and Jacobson are of the opinion that the standards set in the document with regards to the diagnosis and preferred choice of treatment as advocated for in the publication did not meet the minimum standards required to make such pronouncements in research documentation. Another row pitting the publicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s editors and the critics was that pertained to the research methodology employed during both the research and the publication process against that proposed by the critics. The most fundamental question would however be; were the issues raised by the Weary, Edwards and Jacobson of significant importance to the process of uncovering the clinical condition of depression?Significance of the problemThis problem is of significant importance given th e manner with which it has aroused the interest of both scholars and students to delve into the clinical revered disorder with the intension of uncovering as much information as possible and coming up with standard and viable solutions to the same. The criticism accorded to the JPSP has also propelled the urge to come up with a globally standardized manuscript for psychologists and social workers to a whole new level hence also emphasizing the significance of this problem. It is also important to acknowledge and appreciate the renewed interest in research methodology not only in the faculty of psychology alone but in other fields as well, the particular allure to the methodology put in place, the evidence gathered in the process and finally, the inferences deduced in the process CITATION Wea95 \l 1033 (Weary, Edwards, Jacobson, 1995). The problem can also be credited for the widespread discourse on the problem herein hence highlighting yet another important significance to the que st for solutions.Feasibility of the problem for studyA through pursuit of some of the issues raised in the critical review of the JPSP publication could potentially unravel the workability of claims raised in both papers. For instance; Weary, Edwards and Jacobsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s main claim to fame was their criticism of the considerably minimal requirements for carrying out research and the kinds of methodologies put in place in the process. An analysis and evaluation of this claim can potentially provide the all-important answers hence affirming the feasibility of the pursuit for solutions to this problem. It is similarly important to highlight the controversy unraveled as a result of the different perspectives advanced by the various scholars who added significant impetus to the quest for a common ground and hence enabling a smooth ride in the ultimate path to success. By providing and analyzing a reasonable background of the clinical disorder, how it has changed over the years and so me of the steps best-suited to combat it, the problem in question can fine-tune the conceptualization of universally acclaimed solutions.Scope of the literature reviewThe scope of this literature review basically takes into account a host of issues including the critical ones at stake in the clinical psychology world and how to tackle them in a relatively comprehensive manner with a number of citations from relevant articles to boot. A lot of consideration is also given to both the methodological approaches and theoretical issues on the conducting of research activities with a strict limitation to the English dialect.Theoretical context of the problemSo many theories have been advance to make clarifications on various issues surrounding depression. Looking at this particular problem, the existential theory best contextualizes the scenario given its constant emphasis on the resultant feeling of worthlessness often associated with depression CITATION Bil87 \l 1033 (Billings Moos, 19 87). It is however pivotal to identify the link between the feeling of worthlessness and the actual procedure of collecting compelling evidence which confirms the actual state of mind as suggested by critics of the JPSP publication.Theoretical context of the problem 1 Which is the most productive research methodology in practice today? 2 How should the process of evidence collection in research be conducted? 3 Which theory best explains how certain conditions enhance the prevalence of depression? 4 What is the best approach of providing treatment to depression patients?Variables of interestSeveral uncontrollable factors often influence the effects of a certain mode of intervention in providing solutions to certain problems for instance; the use of structured interviews to diagnose depression patients hence tilting the interests in a certain direction. It is however obvious that the comparison between the structured interviews and the semi structured ones in the diagnosis and an obse rvation based approach would see the former carry the day.MethodologyDescription of the designGroups of individuals perceived to be socially awkward or mentally unstable were required for the research with some in each group being confined to a controlled environment as the other were fielded in the usual ecosystem for a considerably adequate period of time to carry out a conclusive interview and prognosis of their disorders. Two different strategies were employed to diagnose and confirm elements of depression with the first lot being treated to the application of structured interviews while their counterparts underwent the semi structured interview experimentation route. Observable features and behaviors of the patients in both the controlled and free environments were noted down for future comparison. A similar mode of operation is given to the structured intervieweesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ lot with similar structured questions being forwarded to them for their response. Critical signs, symp toms, responses and behaviors are noted down for analysis. Of crucial importance was the response to the modes of treatment administered after diagnosis given that this would be the ultimate stamp of authority to the procedure.Control of extraneous variablesAn easy and relatively conducive atmosphere to curtail the influence of other varied factors that would otherwise impede openness and the entire process in general including activities such as the use of questionnaires were also implemented to eliminate the biasness that is often witnessed while conducting face to face interviews. The application of face to face interviews can alternately be hailed to have greatly enhanced the control of external factors such as construct validity which normally enables researchers to make accurate observations and diagnosis on disorders.Assessing internal and external validityAll ...

Chipmunk Facts (Subfamily Xerinae)

Chipmunks are small, ground-dwelling rodents known for stuffing their cheeks with nuts. They belong to the squirrel family Sciuridae and the subfamily Xerinae. The common name of chipmunk probably derived from the Ottawa jidmoonh, which means red squirrel or one who descends trees headlong. In English, the word was written as chipmonk or chipmunk. Fast Facts: Chipmunk Scientific Name: Subfamily Xerinae (e.g., Tamius striatus)Common Names: Chipmunk, ground squirrel, striped squirrelBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 4-7 inches with a 3-5 inch tailWeight: 1-5 ouncesLifespan: 3 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Forests of North America and northern AsiaPopulation: Abundant, stable or declining population (depends on species)Conservation Status: Endangered to Least Concern (depends on species) Species There are three chipmunk genera and 25 species. Tamias striatus is the eastern chipmunk. Eutamias sibiricus is the Siberian chipmunk. The genus Neotamias includes 23 species, mostly found in western North America and collectively known as western chipmunks. Description According to National Geographic, chipmunks are the smallest members of the squirrel family. The largest chipmunk is the eastern chipmunk, which can reach 11 inches in body length with a 3 to 5 inch tail and weigh up to 4.4 ounces. Other species, on average, grow to 4 to 7 inches in length with a 3 to 5 inch tail and weigh between 1 and 5 ounces. A chipmunk has short legs and a bushy tail. Its fur is usually reddish brown on the upper body and paler on the lower body, with black, white, and brown stripes running down its back. It has pouches in its cheeks which are used to transport food. Chipmunks have cheek pouches they fill with food. Frank Cezus, Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Chipmunks are ground-dwelling mammals that prefer rocky, deciduous wooded habitats. The eastern chipmunk lives in southern Canada and the eastern United States. Western chipmunks inhabit the western United States and much of Canada. The Siberian chipmunk lives in northern Asia, including Siberia in Russia and Japan. Diet Like other squirrels, chipmunks cannot digest cellulose in wood, so they obtain nutrients from an omnivorous diet. Chipmunks forage throughout the day for nuts, seeds, fruit, and buds. They also eat produce farmed by humans, including grains and vegetables, as well as worms, bird eggs, small arthropods, and small frogs. Behavior Chipmunks use their cheek pouches to transport and store food. The rodents dig burrows for nesting and torpor during the winter. They do not truly hibernate, as they awaken periodically to eat from their food caches. Adults mark territory with cheek scent glands and urine. Chipmunks also communicate using complex vocal sounds, ranging from a fast chittering sound to a croak. Baby chipmunks are born hairless and blind. legna69, Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Chipmunks lead solitary lives except for breeding and raising young. They breed once or twice a year and have a 28- to 35-day gestation period. A typical litter ranges from 3 to 8 pups. Pups are born hairless and blind and only weigh between 3 and 5 grams (about the weight of a coin). The female is solely responsible for their care. She weans them around 7 weeks of age. Pups are independent by 8 weeks of age and sexually mature when they are 9 months old. In the wild, chipmunks have many predators. They may survive two or three years. In captivity, chipmunks may live eight years. Conservation Status Most chipmunk species are classified as least concern by the IUCN and have stable populations. This includes the eastern and Siberian chipmunk. However, some species of western chipmunk are endangered or have decreasing populations. For example, Bullers chipmunk (Neotamias bulleri) is listed as vulnerable and Palmers chipmunk (Neotamias palmeri) is listed as endangered. Threats include habitat fragmentation and loss and natural disasters, such as forest fires. Some people keep chipmunks as pets. Carlos Ciudad Photos, Getty Images Chipmunks and Humans Some people consider chipmunks to be garden pests. Others keep them as pets. While chipmunks are intelligent and affectionate, there are some drawbacks to keeping them in captivity. They may bite or become aggressive, they mark scent using their cheeks and urine, and care must be taken to accommodate their hibernation schedule. In the wild, chipmunks generally do not carry rabies. However, some in the western United States carry plague. While wild chipmunks are friendly and cute, its best to avoid contact, especially if they appear sick. Sources Cassola, F. Tamias striatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 (errata version published in 2017): e.T42583A115191543. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42583A22268905.enGordon, Kenneth Llewellyn.  The Natural History and Behavior of the Western Chipmunk and the Mantled Ground Squirrel.  Oregon, 1943.Kays, R. W.; Wilson, Don E. Mammals of North America (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 72, 2009. ISBN 978-0-691-14092-6.Patterson, Bruce D.; Norris, Ryan W. Towards a uniform nomenclature for ground squirrels: the status of the Holarctic chipmunks. Mammalia. 80 (3): 241–251, 2016. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2015-0004Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. Tamias (Tamias) striatus. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.), 2005. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 817. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Ironic Famous Last Words

Whether realized at the time they are said or only in hindsight, nearly everyone will express a word, phrase or sentence that proves the last thing he or she ever says while alive. Sometimes profound, sometimes every day, here you will find a select collection of the last words spoken by various people that appear ironic in hindsight. Note: The following quotations are organized alphabetically by the individuals last name followed by the year in which he or she died. R. Budd Dwyer (1987) Dont, dont, dont, this will hurt someone. Embroiled in a bribery scandal, Pennsylvania Treasurer Dwyer decided to commit suicide rather than resign publicly. After addressing reporters gathered at a press conference the day before a Pennsylvania court was scheduled to issue Dwyers sentence for his earlier bribery conviction, the state treasurer cut short his prepared remarks and produced a .357 caliber handgun to the astonishment of attendees. As people tried to defuse the situation and take the gun from him, Dwyer warned reporters not to approach as he placed the gun in his mouth and pulled  the trigger. Stephen Irwin (2006) Dont worry, they usually dont swim backwards. While filming a documentary near Australias Great Barrier Reef, The Crocodile Hunter encountered a stingray that defensively used its tail spine to ward off Irwin, piercing his chest. Despite the efforts of his production and boat crews to save his life, Irwin died from cardiac arrest and  excessive loss of blood. Terry Alan Kath (1978) Dont worry†¦ its not loaded. The founding member of the rock group Chicago thought the .38 caliber revolver he pointed to his head was unloaded. John F. Kennedy (1963) No, you certainly cant. Jacqueline Kennedy testified on June 5, 1964, that these were President Kennedys last words—or something to this effect—in response to the statement by Nellie Connally, the wife of Texas Governor John Connally. He remarked just before an assassins bullet struck the president: You certainly cant say that the people of Dallas havent given you a nice welcome. Vic Morrow (1982) Ive got to be crazy to do this shot. I shouldve asked for a double. During the filming of a scene for Twilight Zone: The Movie, the planned pyrotechnic explosions damaged the tail rotor of a helicopter that was part of the sequence, causing the pilot to lose control of the craft. The helicopters main rotor decapitated Morrow and a seven-year-old actor he carried in his arms and crushed a second child actor when it crashed. Charged with involuntary manslaughter, a jury ultimately acquitted the films director, John Landis, of the charges. Hector Hugh Munro, aka Saki (1916) Put that bloody cigarette out! Serving in the British Army during World War I, Saki (the pen name of British author Munro) uttered his last words on a French battlefield. A German sniper saw the lit cigarette or overheard Sakis order and shot the 43-year-old. (Incidentally, there is an interesting death-related superstition revolving around soldiers lighting cigarettes on a battlefield called Three on a Match.) Lawrence Oates (1912) I am just going outside and may be some time. Suffering from the effects of scurvy and frostbite, and fearing his maladies placed the rest of his companions at risk as they attempted to reach the South Pole for the first time in history, Oates uttered these final words according to expedition leader Robert Falcon Scotts journal. After his comrades refused his first attempt to sacrifice himself for their safety, Oates said these words as he left the groups shelter during a blizzard. Unfortunately, his heroic sacrifice did not save his companions, who died from exposure a little more than a week later. Taylor Sauer (2012) I can’t discuss this now. Driving and facebooking is not safe! Haha. While driving from Utah State University to her parents home in Idaho in January 2012, 18-year-old Sauer reportedly sent a text message every 90 seconds while behind the wheel during the four-hour trip. After sending the last message (above), her car slammed into the back of a truck at an estimated 80 miles per hour. John Sedgwick (1864) Im ashamed of you, dodging that way. They couldnt hit an elephant at this distance. The highest-ranking Union officer to die during the American Civil War, Major General Sedgwick chastised the men in his command for reacting to Confederate sharpshooter fire while placing artillery in preparation for (what is now known as) the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse in Virginia moments before a snipers bullet ended his life. Sources:Driving and facebooking is not safe! Haha: Chilling last text sent by teenage driver seconds before she died in 80mph horror crash, March 6, 2012. Daily Mail. Retrieved March 2, 2014. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2110646/Driving-facebooking-safe-Haha-Parents-daughters-text-predicted-fatal-mistake-seeking-change-driving-laws.html

Influence Of Tobacco Use. “The Prevalence Of Current Smoking

Influence of Tobacco Use â€Å"The prevalence of current smoking among youth is lower than it has been in decades, and the rate of quitting smoking in younger birth cohorts has been increasing. Nonetheless, tobacco use among youth remains a public health problem of substantial importance due to adolescents being the time when most smokers start (Aldrich, Hidalgo, Widome et al., 2015).† About 87% of adults started smoking before the age of 18, while 98% started before the age of 26 (Aldrich, Hidalgo, Widome et al., 2015). Smoking is perceived to happen during adolescents, which was initially encouraged by tobacco industry marketing that has effectively and purposely targeted the youth (Aldrich, Hidalgo, Widome et al., 2015). So What are the†¦show more content†¦Peer Influence: Another influence toward adolescent tobacco use is the presence of peer authority. Peer influences play a significant role during adolescents. â€Å"Adolescents is a time when new identities, f riendships, and peer group affiliations are solidified and parental influences gradually diminish (Huang, Unger, Soto et al., 2014).† According to Huang, Unger, and Soto, peers tend to have a profound effect on each other and they have the ability to encourage experimentation of risky behaviors when there is normative pressure to do so. There has also been evidence to point to the fact that adolescents’ use of tobacco is greatly influenced with their friends’ use of the same substance (Huang, Unger, Soto et al., 2014). The most common peer influence is peer pressure in order to try and convince an individual to try substances. There are other ways peers can influence others without pressure. Modeling influence may be a factor in peer influences for tobacco use. As seen in movies, TV shows, and sports, many actors/athletes are scene smoking or using smokeless tobacco. For adolescents who see an actor or athlete as being a model, they also have an influential effect on what they do on TV. For example, smokeless tobacco is perceived to be a â€Å"baseball thing.† With many professional baseball players’ smokeless tobacco is a constant habit in theirShow MoreRelatedTobacco Use Among Adolescents And Young Adults1287 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Tobacco use among adolescents has been increasing over the years due to marketing strategies that target adolescents and attempt to promote beliefs that influence smoking behaviors. Many of the smoking behaviors are established in adolescents and young adults who are more influenced by exposure to promotional marketing advertisements such as billboards, transit ads, and other strategies that impose acceptable social norms among their peers. According to the CDC, in 2012, 6.7% of middleRead MoreThe Risk Factor Of Cigarette Smoking983 Words   |  4 Pageschose to address behavioral risk factor of cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of mortality that is responsible for nearly six million deaths worldwide and over 400,000 deaths annually in the United States (World Health Organization, 2011; Chandora, Whitney, Weaver, Eriksen, 2015). I reside in state of Georgia. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2014), 17.4% of Georgia adults were current cigarette smokers and 22.4% were former smokers. AdultRead MoreTobacco Use Is The Leading Cause Of Preventable Disease,978 Words   |  4 PagesTobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the United States. According to the 2014 Surgeon General’s Report, cigarette smoking and secondhand smoking exposure contribute to more than 480,000 premature deaths annually in the United States. Smoking use is associated with different types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, strokes, diabetes, respiratory diseases, and reproductive disorders. Moreover, cigarette smoking can cause inflammation and impair the immuneRead MoreSmoking Cessation Program For New Zealand : Smoke Free 2025 Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking Ces sation Program in New Zealand: Smoke-free 2025 Introduction Tobacco smoke is immensely harmful to one’s health. Cigarettes contain about 600 ingredients, when this burned can generate 7,000 chemicals according to American Lung Association Many ad campaigns and literatures have been published on the detriments of smoking. Medical reports further shows that half of all long-term smokers will die from a smoking-related disease. This unhealthy practice must be addressed by the government toRead MoreAn Individual’S Health Is Dependent Not Only On The Behavioral1330 Words   |  6 Pageschoices they make, but also on influences from the social and political environments in which they live. The socio-ecological model of health identifies some of the immediate and distal factors that interact to influence the health of individuals. Personal factors include diet and physical activity, whereas culture and international trade are distal factors, which individuals often have little control over.14 The main personal risk factors that led to the large prevalence of CVD within the Finnish populationRead MoreThe Dangers Of Smoking Tobacco Smoking1547 Words   |  7 PagesDISCUSSION Since you cannot tackle what you are unaware of, the first step in decreasing tobacco smoking is to identify who the smokers are. These could be potential or current users of tobacco and tobacco products or people who are affected by environmental smoke also known as secondhand smoke. Health care providers cannot stop or reduce usage in a patient if they do not know whether the patient is a beginner or a current user. 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Adolescent brains are more prone to tobacco addiction and by the age of 21, if a person is a non-smoker, they are less likely to become a smoker. This bill is an extension to current legislature, the STAKE Act, which prohibits sale of tobacco products to persons under age of 18 years old. There haveRead MoreBans, Laws, And Taxes On Smoking Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesBans, Laws, and Taxes on smoking With the changing of times, many places over the years have gone smoke free. Some of these places include: hospitals, airplanes, restaurants, bars, universities, schools, hotels and many others. One of the places in Anchorage that has recently gone smoke free is the University of Anchorage Alaska. According to an article titled â€Å"History of Smoke and Tobacco-Free UAA† (n.d.), â€Å"With the new policy, UAA joins more than 1,500 colleges and universities in the U.S. thatRead MoreThe Health Behavior Of Tobacco Use Among Adolescents1656 Words   |  7 PagesTobacco Use Among Adolescents Karah Brasher National University Abstract This paper addresses the health behavior of tobacco use among adolescents. There are many risk factors that contribute to this health behavior, as well as risk factors that contribute to the morbidity and mortality of tobacco use among adolescents. Tobacco Use Among Adolescents Over the last decade of two there has been a huge push to end the use of tobacco products such as cigarettes and chewing tobacco. These tobacco products

The Ethical Principles Of The Flu Vaccine Essay - 1541 Words

Influenza is a respiratory infection caused by a range of flu virus. The virus is very contagious and can cause mild to severe illness and even death. Droplets spread the virus, especially when infected people cough, sneeze or talk. Touching a contaminated surface or object can also transmit the virus. Getting vaccinated annually is the best method of averting the flu virus. When there is a vaccine shortage, it will be fair and ethical to give the vaccine to the most vulnerable or high-risk members of the society such as; those with asthma, diabetes, and heart diseases, children and the elderly and most importantly health care workers. Selling the vaccine will undermine those at high risk who cannot afford to buy the vaccine. The ethical principles of Utilitarian and egalitarianism are the contending principles for rationing the seasonal flu vaccine. As an asthma patient, Alison doesn’t fall in the high-risk group as stated by the Santa Clara County. The truth is that, when the influenza vaccine scarcity happens, some people will suffer who could have been protected under typical situations. However, it is imperative to apply the rules of conduct based on the concepts of what is ethically virtuous or malicious. Rationing is the dissemination of any needed goods or services that are in limited supply to those who need it in agreement with a set of rules that assure fair distribution. Regulating the supply of the flu vaccine will need fairness in how every individual isShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Principles Of Utilitarianism And Egalitarianism Should Guide And Help Health Managers Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesasymptomatic people protects them against the risk of contracting the illness. Consequently, ethical consideration is vital during a flu vaccine shortage . The decision of who gets the vaccine in an event of a shorta ge should consider the ethical principles of fairness, compassion, and beneficence. In a shortage, those who need the vaccine most should be able to receive it. Consequently, selling the vaccine to those, not in the high-risk category is not ethically right. Effective and consistent policiesRead MoreVaccines : A Contagious Disease1385 Words   |  6 PagesIf there was a highly contagious disease that could be easily avoidable through an injection, would you take that preventable measure? Vaccines tend to be beneficial amongst all persons in an area, as long as the majority of people within that population receive the vaccine. Vaccines are also beneficial because, proven by past statistics and knowledge, many of the worlds’ worst diseases have been eradicated through the use of immunization. Over the past two decades, The Centers for Disease ControlRead MoreEthics : Mandated Flu Vaccinations For Healthcare Workers1926 Words   |  8 PagesEthics: Mandated Flu Vaccinations f or Healthcare Workers Public health refers to all organized measures (whether public or private) to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population as a whole (WHO, Int., 2015). Public health officials strongly promote the vaccination of healthcare workers (HCW) against communicable diseases as a means to protect vulnerable patients. Organisms can easily be spread from patients to HCW, and then back to other patients with whom they may haveRead MoreThe Importance Of Ethical And Legal Rights Versus Governmental Officials Laws And Regulations1450 Words   |  6 Pagesa CNN reporter, explained via the Centers for Disease Control has mentioned that the measles outbreak is continuing to grow daily. To address this particular issue is to thoroughly explain the importance of ethical and legal rights versus governmental officials’ laws and regulations. Vaccines are made up of bacteria, viruses or other antigens that are given to stimulate the immune system to create antibodies which will try to prevent future infections with the disease. The importance of vaccinatingRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemmas Of The Pediatric Field Of Nursing1316 Words   |  6 PagesNurses working in the pediatric field of nursing are faced with a wide variety of ethical dilemmas. There are many ethical dilemmas that can arise in the work field. Many individuals are having a tough time deciding to vaccinate their children; this in turn can leave society with a huge dilemma ethically. I am choosing to write about not vaccinating your child and why I feel this can be an ethical dilemma. Society today is faced with so many preventable illnesses that can simply be resolved byRead MorePressure Ulcers1070 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch study is: immunization and vaccine hesitancy is affected by the environment and the situation of its administration. Vaccination is thought to be one of the best accomplishments of general wellbeing. Inoculation projects have added to the decrease in mortality and dreariness of different irresistible infections, and are credited with the end of poliomyelitis in the Americas and the overall destruction of smallpox (MKhize, 2006). To ensure that vaccine administration is effective healthRead MoreWhat Are The Relevant Professional Standards?927 Words   |  4 Pagesthe hospital include getting a yearly flu shot or wearing a mask to prevent spread of the flu from the nurse to the patient or from the patient to the nurse (Gounley, 2013). It is still a personal decision whether or not to get the flu shot under a professional standard. Darling states: We don’t understand why a healthcare worker would choose to go unvaccinated unless there are medical contraindications or religious objections to doing so, as the vaccine has a long track record of being a safeRead MoreCritical Evaluation Of Primary Health Care1199 Words   |  5 PagesAnd the fact that Joan is not managing her health correctly being a type 2 diabetic. The significant issue in ethics identified in this case study is Mandy has a poor attitude when it comes to Joan. She should not have this attitude as it is not ethical of her to be judgemental of Joan and her personal choices she makes. Mandy has no respect towards both Terri and Joan. The significant issue in professionalism identified in this case study is the way Mandy talks and treats Joan and Terri as if theyRead MoreIncreasing The Influenza Vaccination Rate3413 Words   |  14 Pagesvalues, housing, behavioral beliefs, social influences, previous vaccine experiences, perceived susceptibility, sources of information, perceived health status, healthcare system accessibility, affordability, knowledge and attitudes about vaccination, and physicians’ advice. By looking at the impact of these determinants, we can draw conclusions on how decreasing these barriers will impact the vaccination rate for the influenza vaccine. We will focus on the general population as a whole and at riskRead MoreEthical Issues in Pharmacy Research1006 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Issues in Pharmacy Research Reflection There is abundant evidence showing how easy it is to exploit individuals in the history of medical research in the twentieth century. It was not until the early 1960s when the public began to take notice of the ethical neglect that researchers had for their subjects. The exposure of gross abuses in medical research generated a public furor that was finally noticed by those who administered research funding which enabled changes to policy to begin to

The Value Of Small Group Interaction In Teaching Education Essay Free Essays

Collaborative acquisition, synergism acquisition, small-group acquisition, and concerted acquisition seem to be the new cants used by faculty members. This is due to the intensifying involvement over the past few old ages, with respect to the different attacks to learning and larning. Particularly the passage from individualistic to collaborative acquisition manners has been under huge examination as university module members and decision makers are rediscovering the construct of ‘two caputs being better than one ‘ . We will write a custom essay sample on The Value Of Small Group Interaction In Teaching Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The involvement is been chiefly incited at a graduate student degree, where the key purposes are to develop the ability of pupils to believe critically, enhance mutuality and arrive at a socially constructed apprehension of the stuff provided. In add-on, alterations in organisational substructure have resulted in an increased accent on squad work within the work force. Consequently, the acquisition manner implemented at postgraduate degree is critical as it is the stepping rock into the universe of work. This reappraisal aims to measure the value of little group interaction in the instruction and acquisition procedure. Specifically, this reappraisal will measure how this method impacts learning and larning at a postgraduate degree. More specifically, in this reappraisal little group interaction includes collaborative acquisition, concerted acquisition, every bit good as equal acquisition. The history of this method of acquisition will be looked at first to give a clearer image of how it has evolved since its origin. Cardinal footings will so be defined, as they are applicable in this reappraisal, to guarantee apprehension of the most of import constructs occurs from the start. This will be followed by the theories that have developed, the advantages, and so the restrictions on the subject, so that a clear statement can be developed. Therefore, it will be determined whether collaborative methods consequence in the enhanced value of learning and larning at postgraduate degree. This pro be is greatly needed at a higher instruction level- as it is a topographic point where the competition is rife, clip force per unit areas are high and there is a great trade of external force per unit area to develop the leaders of tomorrow. 2. History of collaborative acquisition Although the history of collaborative acquisition is really unelaborated, it is non a comparatively new method of larning. It appears likely that people have been larning informally in groups for 1000s of old ages ( McInnerney A ; Roberts, 2004 ) . Kimber ( 1994 ) states that collaborative acquisition was foremost instituted in Greek and Roman schools and coincides with the doctrine of Socratic larning – when pupils ‘ inquiring and discourse were emphasized. Johnson, Johnson, and Holubec ( 1993 ) stated the Roman philosopher, Seneca showed support for concerted acquisition through statements such as: Qui Docet Discet ( when you teach, you learn twice ) . Kimber ( 1996 ) and Johnson et Al ( 1993 ) province that concerted acquisition came into prominence in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries in Europe and England. During this period Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell made extended usage of `monitorial ‘ systems which were devised to enable big Numberss of pupils gain simple instruction at post-industrial revolution schools which were missing in trained instructors. Student ‘monitors ‘ were used to learn other disadvantaged or younger students. Similarly, in the early 19th century concerted acquisition gained popularity among pedagogues across a spectrum of didactic Fieldss. In the late 1930 ‘s, nevertheless, interpersonal competition began to be emphasized in schools and in the late sixtiess, individualistic acquisition began to be used extensively. In the 1980s, schools one time once more began to utilize concerted acquisition. The work of Johnson, Johnson and Smith ( 1991 ) transferred the value of active acquisition to the university degree and argued that big schoolrooms could besides be transformed to go student-centered learning environments. In 1989, a workshop was held in Maratea, Italy. This workshop is considered by many to hold marked the birth of the field of computer-supported collaborative acquisition ( Bereiter, 2002 ; Stahl, Koschmann, A ; Suthers, 2006 ; Lipponen, 2002 ) . Additionally in 1996, Koschmann ( 1996 ) suggested computer-supported collaborative acquisition ( CSCL ) as an emerging theoretical account of educational engineering and CSCL has been progressing of all time since. 3. Definition of footings Collaborative acquisition has been established in a assortment of ways over clip in a spectrum of academic Fieldss. In the broadest sense, collaborative acquisition is defined by Dillenbourg ( 1999, p.1 ) as â€Å" a state of affairs in which two or more people learn or attempt to larn something together. † The ‘two or more people ‘ referred to in the definition above, is applicable in equal acquisition as â€Å" person of the same societal standing † ( Falchikov, 2001, p.1 ) , which in an educational context implies person â€Å" within the same category or cohort † ( Falchikov, p.3 ) . For illustration, pupils presently finishing their Masters Degree in Human Resource Management who web and addition cognition from interaction with each other are prosecuting in equal acquisition. Common to the assorted definitions of collaborative acquisition is that accent is placed on the thought of joint building of cognition and common battle of participants ( Li pponen, 2002 ) . In this reappraisal the footings collaborative acquisition and concerted acquisition are used interchangeably. However, a differentiation between the two must be noted. The former involves the joint battle of pupils, at assorted public presentation degrees, in a co-ordinated attempt to work out the job together ( Panitz, 1996 ) . The latter is accomplished by agencies of the division of labour, pupils work together in little groups to carry through a common end, whereby each individual is responsible for a fraction of the job resolution ( Roschelle A ; Teasly, in imperativeness ; Cooper, McKinney, and Robinson ( 1991 ) ; Gokhale 1995 ) . In add-on, Dillenbourg, Baker, Blaye and O’Malley ( 1996 ) indicate that basically the two differ by virtuousness of the manner the undertaking is divided: in concerted acquisition, the undertaking is split hierarchically into independent subtasks ; in collaborative acquisition, the cognitive patterned advance may be heterarchially divided in to intertwined beds. When utilizing the footings collaborative or cooperative larning interchangeably, the definition applicable, as stated by ( Yazici, 2005, p.217 ) is: â€Å" the instructional usage of little groups or squads where equal interaction plays a cardinal function in larning † . Additionally, Dillenbourgh ( 1999 ) contends that collaborative acquisition can be understood as a pedagogical method or a psychological procedure. Collaborative acquisition in a pedagogical sense is normative: one asks two or more people to join forces because it is expected they will in this mode learn expeditiously. In the psychological sense it is descriptive: one observes that two or more people have gained cognition and coaction is viewed as the mechanism which caused the acquisition. In this reappraisal, collaborative acquisition will be applied in the pedagogical sense with respect to postgraduate degree acquisition. 4. Learning at graduate student degree There are considerable differences in the purposes and methods of instruction and acquisition at undergraduate and postgraduate degree of instruction ( Lave A ; Wenger, 1991 ; Barnacle, 2005 ; Donnelly, 2008 ; Butler,1993 ) . The cardinal purpose at postgraduate degree is to come on the ability of pupils to believe critically ( Jones, Michael, Gear, A ; Read, 2006 ) . The procedure referred to as ‘post-conventional believing ‘ by Ashley ( 1973 as cited in Jones et al 2006 ) is critical in carry throughing this purpose. He defines it as a procedure â€Å" during which the pupil is able to travel from a place of noncritical credence of the orthodox to one of originative dissent, a procedure that stretches the mind and encourages the outgrowth of new or revised ways of thought † ( Ashley, as cited in Jones et Al, p.379 ) . Collaborative larning Fosters this procedure as it stretches the mind and encourages the outgrowth of advanced or revised ways of thought ( Ladys hewsky, 2006 ; Jones et Al, 2006 ) . Similarly, Machemer and Crawford ( 2007 ) argue that the traditional talk method of learning has two important failings at postgraduate degree. First, it promotes pupil passiveness which does non heighten or prolong the pupils ‘ acquisition. Second, the extremist alterations and elaborateness of the information makes it hard to draw-up talks that cover the necessary deepness, comprehensiveness and advanced cognition required. Conversely, a survey conducted in graduate student medical instruction resulted in both collaborative acquisition and the traditional talk method being every bit effectual in bettering the cognition degrees of pupils ( Smits, De Buisonje , Verbeek, Van Dijk, Metz, and Cate, 2003 ) . Therefore, when sing execution of collaborative acquisition methods, the context which it is to be applied every bit good as the construct of battle should be taken into history. The construct of battle is cardinal to successful acquisition at postgraduate degree ( Jungst, Licklider, and Wiersma, 2003 ) . Consequently as cited by Jungst et Al. it is in the active acquisition environment that a deeper degree of understanding and true acquisition occurs, larning that can be transferred to the universe outside of the schoolroom. In add-on, at postgraduate degree, pupils transform as societal agents and signifier individualities as scholars, professionals and, more widely, as members of society ( Havness, 2008 ) . However, antecedently O’Donell, Tobell, and Zammit ( 2007 ) argued that the nature of passage from undergraduate to postgraduate survey is less ambitious and there is small to get the better of because, in kernel, the environment remains the same. After farther survey, O’Donell et Al ( 2009 ) concluded that there should be greater independent survey by pupils at postgraduate degree and farther synergistic workshop-style instruction, taking to knowledge and understanding which is socially constructed instead than passively received. ( Beginning: Stahl, 2000, p.71 ) In add-on to knowledge being socially constructed, Stahl ( 2000 ) states that cognition should be personally constructed every bit good. Stahl farther explains that the diagram aims to associate the person and the societal facets in the knowledge-building procedure. This procedure begins with the rhythm of personal apprehension. The staying parts of the diagram exemplify how the person ‘s personal beliefs and civilization are influenced by other people ‘s values, beliefs and point of views ( societal procedure ) . A shared civilization is so formed, which impacts on the personal apprehension, as it takes form through act uponing the ways of thought, diverseness influences, every bit good as motivational concerns. The procedure is initiated once more when the new civilization adopted by the single influences others as he / she interacts with different groups of people. However, to guarantee that a knowledge-building procedure does in fact occur, the pros and cons of collab orative acquisition should be weighed up. 5. Advantages of collaborative acquisition For the successful passage to take topographic point, a great trade of research sing the result of collaborative acquisition in contrast to traditional instructional patterns has been conducted ( Kimber, 1994 ) . Instructor-centered methods of learning can non adequately impact the complex results ( job work outing accomplishments ; higher order believing accomplishments ; the ability to hold a diverse positions view ; ethical logical thinking ; and life-long acquisition ) that a postgraduate pupil requires ( Jungst et al, 2003 ) . Numerous surveies look intoing higher instruction conclude that pupils who follow in-class collaborative acquisition processs and actively collaborate with each other are more satisfied with their acquisition experience and consequence in greater positive results when compared to pupils who are exposed to the traditional talk method ( Kimber, 1994 ; Alavi, 1994 ) . Consequently, this satisfaction consequences from interpersonal relationships which are deve loped and enhanced through group acquisition ( Johnson et al, 1991 ) . Another factor lending to the satisfaction of collaborative acquisition methods is that it is per se motivative, as each single member is critical to procuring a productive, concerted acquisition pattern ( Havness, 2008 ) . Andrews ‘ ( 1992 ) work with larning squads confirms the position that greater satisfaction is experienced as collaborative larning improves assurance and supports the acquisition procedure. Additionally, Johnson A ; Johnson ( 1994 ) concluded that concerted larning systematically produced higher tonss of self-efficiency than did individualistic conditions. Besides greater satisfaction is achieved since equals are at an equal degree and therefore can be more unfastened and explore to the full the countries of cognitive struggle ( Ladyshewsky, 2006 ) . This satisfaction experienced consequences in avidity to larn ( Kimber, 1994 ) . In add-on, the degree of equality with equals encourages greater dynamic battle in the acquisition procedure and building of cognition with deeper apprehension ( Alavi, 1994 ) . Attainment of greater understanding consequences in longer keeping of information and turning away of abrasion ( Cooper, 1990 ) . As a consequence, job resolution accomplishments are enhanced and it consequences in higher order thought ( Jaarsma, De Graves, and Muijtjens, 2008 ) . Likewise, Mazen, Jones, and Sergenian ( 2000 ) further supports the importance of group acquisition by indicating out that by working hand in glove, pupils can heighten accomplishments and advanced ways of believing which will ensue in group procedure additions. When working hand in glove, the issue of diverseness must non be forgotten. Escalating Numberss of postgraduate pupils from diverse backgrounds with changing positions and readings are holding a profound consequence on concerted acquisition ( Booth, Bowie, Jordan, and Rippin, 2000 ) . Wyss-Flamm ( 2002 ) points out that the outgrowth of ‘difference ‘ is indispensable to larning. Exposure to the differences can elicit the demand to try to come in each other ‘s heads and therefore larning something for which the tool of conversation is priceless ( Argyris A ; Schion, 1996 ) . Similarly, Stein and Hurd ( 2000 ) acknowledge that collaborative acquisition transforms the acquisition environment into a student-centered one, which capitalizes on the diverseness of the pupils, and lessens dependance on the professor as the individual conveyor of cognition. This can ensue in interpersonal every bit good as intrapersonal procedures interacting with each other, making chances for larning to happen within the established modus operandis ( single-loop acquisition ) or larning that requires advanced modus operandis be created ( double-loop acquisition ) ( Argyris, 1999 ) . In contrast, Foldy ( 2004 ) states that persons who are portion of diverse groups will be characterized by feelings of misgiving or non experiencing safe as they are non grouped with those similar to them. Consequently, there will be greater intra-group struggle originating. Therefore, Booth et Al. bespeak that diverseness can merely be valuable to the acquisition if the differences are recognized and appreciated. Similarly, Milliken A ; Martins ( 1996, p. 403 ) province that diverseness in concerted larning groups can be seen as a â€Å" double-edged blade † , intending that it possesses the possible to be of great advantage, but this will merely happen if it is managed efficaciously. Extra benefits of collaborative acquisition, adapted from Nunamaker, Dennis, Valacich, Vogel, and George, ( 1991 ) , include: the group generates more information and options as compared to the mean single group member ; group larning motivates the person to execute better ; groups are more effectual and nonsubjective in rating, and in conclusion, interactions amongst group members lead to synergisms. Similarly, Boud, Cohen, and Sampson ( 2001, cited in Havnes, 2008 ) highlight five results that can peculiarly be advanced by equal acquisition schemes, these include: working with others ; critical question and contemplation ; communicating and articulation of cognition, understanding and accomplishments ; pull offing acquisition and how to larn ; self and peer appraisal. In add-on, collaborative acquisition has been found to back up greater productiveness, coevals of originative thoughts or advanced solutions, and heighten the pupils ‘ ability of societal position pickings ( Cus eo, 1992 ; Lord, 2001 ) . However it must be noted that these positive results do non predominate with all groups and in all contexts as the outlooks of group members may non conform to each other ( Felder A ; Brent, 2001 ) or societal idleness of free equitation may happen within the group ( Mello, 1993 ) . These jobs, if experienced, can finally ensue in the devastation of the group. However, when the positive results of collaborative acquisition do transpire, it supports the constructive impact that this method of acquisition has on academic-related accomplishment ( Alavi, 1994 ) . This is farther supported by empirical grounds of improved accomplishment at postgraduate degree ( DaRos- Voseles, Onwuegbuzie, and Qun, 2008 ; Collins, Cao, and Robidoux, 2004 ) . The degrees of academic accomplishment attained are fostered by the collaborative acquisition environment as it gives pupils an chance to prosecute in treatment, take duty for their single acquisition every bit good as accomplishment of the group ‘s ends, and therefore go critical minds ( Totten, Sills, Digby, and Russ, 1991 ) . This was farther proven in a survey conducted by Gokhale ( 1995 ) . 5.1 Study to find effectivity of collaborative acquisition: Gokhale 1995 The intent of this survey was to find the effectivity of collaborative larning versus single acquisition as it relates to larning results achieved. The population for the survey comprised of pupils in industrial engineering, enrolled at Western Illinois University. The intervention comprised of two parts: talk and worksheet. First, a common talk was delivered to both intervention groups. Next, one subdivision was indiscriminately assigned to the â€Å" single acquisition group † while the other subdivision was assigned to the â€Å" collaborative acquisition group † . The same worksheet was given to both intervention groups. It was comprised of both drill-and-practice points ( factual cognition and comprehension ) and critical- thought points ( analysis, synthesis and rating of constructs ) . Subsequent to a statistical analysis of the trial tonss, the consequences depicted that pupils who participated in collaborative acquisition had performed significantly better on the critical-thinking trial than pupils who studied separately. It was besides found that both groups performed every bit good on the drill-and-practice trial. The collaborative acquisition medium provided pupils with chances to analyse, synthesise and measure thoughts hand in glove. Therefore, the positive results of this survey on collaborative acquisition can be applied at a graduate student degree where the cardinal purpose is for pupils to believe critically and heighten cognition and apprehension which is socially constructed ( Jones et al 2006 ) . The consequences of this survey conform to the developmental positions ( Slavin, 1995 ) of collaborative acquisition proposed by the advocates of collaborative acquisition such as Vygotsky and Piaget. 5.2 Piaget ‘s Constructivist Perspective Validation of concerted acquisition stems, in portion, from theories of societal mutuality ( Johnson, Johnson, and Smith, 1998 ) . Piaget ‘s socio-cognitive struggle theory provinces that kids ( or grownups ) on different degrees of cognitive development, or those persons on the same degree of cognitive development with differing positions, can prosecute in societal interaction that leads to a cognitive struggle. Through treatment with other equals, the ‘shock of our idea coming into contact with others ‘ ( Piaget, 1928 ) leads to a disequilibrium within participants. This consequences in the building of new conceptual constructions and understanding in order to reconstruct equilibrium. ( Ladyshewsky, 2006 ; Slavin, 1987 ; Lipponen, 2002 ) . The importance of collaborative acquisition can be farther understood by Vygotsky ‘s theoretical model. 5.3 Vygotsky zone of proximal development Parallel to Piaget ‘s constructivist position ( Piaget,1969 ) , Vygotsky ‘s theoretical concept of the zone of proximal development provides strong support for the inclusion of concerted acquisition as a method of instructional scheme as it consequences in the sweetening of the acquisition that occurs. Vygotsky ( 1978 ) defines the zone of proximal development as â€Å" The distance between the existent developmental degree as determined by independent job resolution and the degree of possible development as determined through job work outing under grownup counsel or in coaction with more capable equals. † ( See figure 2 ) Figure 2: Zone of Proximal Development Beginning: Harnum ( 2009 ) 5.4 Theory of concerted acquisition Supporting the theory of societal mutuality, Slavin ( 1995 ) proposed a two-element theory of concerted larning comprising of positive mutuality and single answerability. Likewise, Johnson et Al. ( 1991a, 1991b ) advocated a five-component theory of concerted acquisition. Harmonizing to the theoretical account, the following five elements are indispensable for maximising the long-run success of the concerted learning venture: Figure 3: Pillars of concerted acquisition Pillars of Cooperative Learning Face-to-face interaction Positive mutuality Group processing Individual Accountability Social accomplishments Adapted: www.foundationcoalition.org The presence of the five basic constituents of concerted acquisition may all be accounted for within the theoretical model provided by Vygotsky ‘s zone of proximal development. Positive Mutuality: It is the connecting of pupils reciprocally so that the person can non win unless all group members win ( Johnson, Johnson, and Smith, 1998 ) . Vygotskys ‘s theory rests upon the rule that a kid ‘s development is dependent upon interactions with other kids and grownups. Therefore, kids and grownups are developmentally dependent, and hence interdependent ( Doolittle, 1995 ) . Face-to-face interaction: Within concerted acquisition, face-to-face interaction involves pupils need to make existent work jointly in which they promote each other ‘s success by sharing resources and helping, back uping, encouraging, and acknowledging each other ‘s attempts to accomplish the group ‘s ends ( Johnson et al 1998 ) . It is interpreted in the Vygotskian system as societal mediation and encultration. Encultration refers to what is learnt, while societal mediation refers to how it is learnt. Individual answerability: It is the belief held by each person that he/she will be held responsible for his/her ain public presentation and acquisition ( Johnson et al 1998 ) . For Vygotsky, single answerability would be reflected in each group member being responsible for developing within their ain alone zone of proximal development ( Doolittle, 1995 ) . Group Processing: Group treating exists when group members discuss how good they are accomplishing their ends and measuring ways to better the productivity of all group member in accomplishing the group ends ( Johnson et al 1998 ; Doolittle, 1995 ) . Within the model of Vygotsky ‘s theory, portion of direction entails the changeless monitoring of each pupil ‘s growing within their zone of proximal development ( Doolittle, 1995 ) . This survey was inconclusive in demoing that graduate squads perform better with collaborative acquisition manners. However, the consequences for graduate pupils indicate that collaborative acquisition manner is influential in public presentation, along with competitory and participant acquisition manners. Johnson and Johnson ( 1998 ) besides conclude that alumnus pupils portray the traits of independent scholars and are enthusiastic to obtain some enterprise and lament to accept duties for their ain acquisition. Therefore, professors should be more interested to ease independent larning. Furthermore, Johnson and Johnson province that the function of facilitator or delegator ensures working with pupils in a advisory manner and sweetening of the pupils ‘ capacity to larn independently, this is similar to what is required in organisational squads. 6.2 Problems with collaborative acquisition manner Despite the positive results that have been stated, there are many jobs that exist as good ( Machemer A ; Crawford, 2007 ) . These jobs have resulted in some professors defying to prosecute in alternate theoretical accounts for learning and larning despite holding academic freedom in their instruction manners ( Moore, 2005 ) . The jobs experienced foremost include, a slow passage from traditional to collaborative signifiers of acquisition may happen particularly with pupils who can non accommodate easy or those who are extremely immune to alter ( Kimber, 1994 ) . Second, the degree of psychological safety in the colloquial infinite is a major determiner in results achieved ( Jones et al. , 2006 ) . Anxiety may originate as a consequence of the strangeness of the stuff being studied, or by the strain of lending to the conversation in a ambitious manner and could motivate a negative response and turning away of acquisition ( Vince A ; Martin, 1993 ) . Third, unconstructive discourse may originate when consensus can non be reached with respects to the stuff, ends or values ( Bruffee, 1984 ) . The increasing heterogeneousness ( Baer, 1996 ) and diverseness amongst graduate student pupils ( Booth et al. , 2000 ) escalates the happening of dysfunctional discourse in the acquisition procedure. Students may show farther hurdlings for collaborative acquisition which include: deficiency of engagement, backdown due to fear of negative rating, fright of some pupils ruling the session, troubles in maintaining the treatment focused, information overload for single members and measuring the degree of understanding ( Anderson, 1995 ; Nunamaker et al. , 1991 ) . The jobs experienced have caused certain lectors to give up on concerted larning techniques on the whole ( Cohen, 1994 ) . In the same manner, Machemer and Crawford ( 2007 ) point out that lectors give up on concerted larning methods as it has limited schoolroom ( talk ) application. In add-on, the design and testing of collaborative activities and lessons can be time-consuming on presently overloaded module agendas ( Cooper, 1995 ) . This consequences in concerns from a learning position, such as: the course of study non being completed as the activities take up a great trade of clip ; perceived loss of control in the schoolroom ; and trouble in measuring the pupils ‘ engagement and effectivity of the collaborative acquisition manners ( Gerlach, 1994 ) . Similarly, extra concerns include: the insufficiency of collaborative larning techniques in making high knowledge-attainment degrees with complex stuff, every bit good as pupils missing the critical features for working in effectual squads ( Cooper, 1995 ; Lord, 2001 ) . These critical features are what the ideal squad member should possess, which leads to the issue that the collaborative theoretical account assumes how professors are supposed to learn, how pupils are supposed to larn, and how cognition is created ( Moore, 2005 ) . However, Bruffee ( 1993 ) argues that cognition is non something transferred from one person ‘s caput to the following. â€Å" Collaborative acquisition assumes alternatively that cognition is a consensus among the members of a community of knowing peers-something people concept by speaking together and making understanding † ( Bruffee, 1993, p. 3 ) . Furthermore, Nias ( 1987 ) argues, that it is evident that non all pupils take an active function in the analysis of instances through argument. As affirmed by Jones et al 2006, a figure of factors may lend to this, including: Lack of assurance: pupils may grok the instance but do non set across their sentiment. Lack of involvement: the capable country may non be of involvement to each pupil. Lack of engagement: there are identifiable barriers to involvement ; e.g. domination of some pupils or linguistic communication barriers. Lack of readying: a deficiency of clip, committedness or motive. These factors should be mitigated every bit far as possible so as to make positive groups which help people to do positive alterations ( Goleman, Boyatzis, and Mckee, 2002 ) . Positive groups emerge where there are high degrees of single answerability, group coherence, seasonably and effectual feedback and expressed wagess for high degrees of group public presentation ( Michaelson, Fink, and Knight, 1997 ) . In contrast, unsatisfactory groups appear where free equitation or societal idleness ( doing less attempt to accomplish a end ) occurs ( Brooks A ; Ammons, 2003 ; Mello, 1993 ) . This may give rise to interpersonal struggles and finally group devastation ( Jehn A ; Mannix 2001 ; Miller, 2003 ) . Conversely, a longitudinal survey conducted ; found that a peculiar form of struggle resulted in higher group public presentation. This form was created as â€Å" squads executing good were characterized by low but increasing degrees of procedure struggle ; low degrees of relationship struggle, with a rise near undertaking deadlines ; and moderate degrees of undertaking struggle at the center of group interaction † ( Jehn A ; Mannix, p.238 ) . The persons ‘ dissatisfaction will most likely influence squad public presentation, squad stableness, the size and construction of the group, and temporal range ( Alge, Wiethoff, and Klein, 2003 ; Johnson et al. , 1991 ; Jaques, 2000 ) . In add-on, diverseness ( Koppenhaver A ; Shrader, 2003 ) and the squad members ‘ personal features, such as psychological profile, corporate orientation, and larning penchants are likely to act upon public presentation ( Kunkel A ; Shafer, 1997 ; Lancaster A ; Strand, 2001 ; Mennecke, Hoffer, and Wynne, 1992 ; Robbins, 1994 ) . These restrictions therefore pose a major menace to full development of the positive facets associated with collaborative acquisition and to the success of this method on the whole. 7. Decision From the reappraisal it is evident that there are assorted consequences sing the value of collaborative instruction and acquisition at postgraduate degree. It is evident that the benefits of this method outweigh the negative facets. However it must be noted, that the benefits do non use to all involved and if the restrictions are non adequately taken into history, the effects are bound to be black. In add-on, the diverseness amongst pupils particularly at postgraduate degree is intensifying. The heterogeneousness of pupils must be considered and hence, a ‘one method fits all ‘ attack should non be applied. Supervisors should change learning manners to suit for the diverseness of larning penchants amongst pupils. However, future research should be conducted to find the consequence of jointly using the different larning methods on pupils, their perceptual experiences or value placed on these techniques, and whether these methods will guarantee that optimum larning takes top ographic point. Professors need to switch from the impression that â€Å" instruction is stating, acquisition is absorbing, and cognition is subject-matter content † ( Spence, 2001, p.12 ) . This is important as employers in current organisations are demanding more than merely proficient cognition of university alumnuss ( Jungst, Licklider, and Wiersma, 2003 ) . They require alumnuss who can believe under force per unit area, guarantee effectivity in team-work, communicate efficaciously, and build new cognition and thoughts that will give their employers the border in the current fast-paced universe. ( Gardiner, 1994 ; Brown A ; Lassoie, 1998 ) . Therefore, by altering the patterns of instruction and acquisition in the schoolroom, there is greater possible for the happening of transmutations -for the persons, organisations, and systems ( Moore, 2005 ) . The possibility to restructure and rethink instruction and acquisition at postgraduate degree is exciting, exciting, disputing, hazardous, a nd ripe with possibility. How to cite The Value Of Small Group Interaction In Teaching Education Essay, Essay examples

Business Intelligence Tools

Question: What are the The Effect of Business Intelligence Tools In Decision Making Process? Answer: The Effect of Business Intelligence Tools In Decision Making Process:Organizations often implement business intelligence systems in their operational structures, but the long-term effect of such intelligence system on the quality of the decisions made by the business house and its impact on the performance of employees varies from one industry to another. In this paper, an analysis of those factors which influence the managerial decisions have been made.In the last few years, most of the business organizations are incorporating more and more tools so as to encourage IS supported decision making activities. Some of the system oriented trends which have led to such sudden interest in decision making processes aided by the benefits of Information System are: Improved procedures for the proper management of data. Development of various analytical tools for the purpose of analysis of all the data generated by a business organization. Wireless connectivity providing access to any data at a ll points of time.The advancements in the fields of Information system have started facilitating the task of managerial decisions, due to the introduction of the capabilities mentioned below: Web based tools to support the collaboration and communication of a group of people based at various geographical locations. Management of enormous quantity of data using data warehousing techniques and the analysis of this data using Big data analysis tools.The term cognitive limit is used to define the limitations that the human brain faces when it faces the challenge of analysis enormous amounts of data, for which one requires excellent problem solving skills and knowledge in diverse domains (Business Intelligence and Analytics: Systems for Decision Support, 2015). Information System tools that help to retrieve data from various tools and analyze them are used to overcome cognitive limits of human beings. McCormak et all in their research paper have considered a case study and conducted an intensive research on the effects of continuous use of BI tools in decision making (McCormack Trkman, 2014). Their research pointed out that in the initial stages, the dependency on these tools are high and this dependency starts decreasing with passing time, which leads to a erosion in the capabilities of the decision making on the part of the employees as well as the technologies used. They are of the opinion that Business tools should not be used solely for the purpose of facilitating managerial decisions; neither should such decisions be the responsibility of human resources only. A right mix of Business tools, artificial intelligence and human cognitive senses should be applied so as to find the right strategies and solutions that could be implemented to facilitate the process of managerial decisions. References: Business Intelligence and Analytics: Systems for Decision Support. (2015) (10th ed.). McCormack, K., Trkman, P. (2014). The influence of information processing needs on the continuous use of business intelligence. Information Research, (19(3)), 636.